Splenius Capitis Muscle Anatomy

The Splenius Capitis Muscle, a broad, strap-like muscle, is one of the muscles that form the floor of the lateral cervical region alongside with levator scapulae, middle scalene (L. scalenus medius), and posterior scalene (L. scalenus posterior).

Splenius Capitis Muscle Anatomy

The splenius capitis originates from the ligamentum nuchae and the spinous processes of C7 through T3/4 vertebrae. This broad, strap-like muscle ascends obliquely to insert into the lateral aspect of the mastoid process of the temporal bone and the lateral third of the superior nuchal line of the occipital bone. Its arrangement creates a distinctive V-shaped pattern when viewed from the posterior aspect of the neck.

The muscle’s fibers demonstrate a unique organizational pattern, running superolaterally from their attachment points. This architectural arrangement optimizes the muscle’s mechanical advantage for its primary functions. The muscle belly is typically thick and well-defined, making it readily palpable beneath the upper fibers of the trapezius muscle.

The splenius capitis receives its primary innervation from the dorsal rami of middle cervical nerves (C3-C3). This complex innervation pattern ensures precise control over head movements and postural adjustments. The arterial supply primarily comes from branches of the occipital artery and the deep cervical artery, ensuring adequate blood flow for this constantly active muscle.

See Also: Brachial Plexus Anatomy

In unilateral contraction, the splenius capitis produces ipsilateral rotation and lateral flexion of the head. When both muscles contract simultaneously, they extend the head and neck, playing a crucial role in maintaining an upright head position. This action becomes particularly significant in clinical scenarios involving cervical spine rehabilitation and postural correction.

The muscle works in synergy with other posterior neck muscles, particularly the semispinalis capitis and longissimus capitis, to create smooth and controlled head movements. This coordination is essential for maintaining head stability during dynamic activities and static postures.

Clinical Implications

Medical professionals frequently encounter splenius capitis involvement in various clinical conditions. Cervicogenic headaches often involve this muscle, as tension or trigger points can refer pain to the occiput and temporal regions. Understanding these pain patterns is crucial for accurate diagnosis and treatment planning.

The muscle’s role in cervical spine stability makes it a key consideration in whiplash injuries and cervical strain cases. Proper assessment of splenius capitis function becomes essential in developing comprehensive rehabilitation protocols for these conditions.

References & More

1. Gray’s Anatomy, 42nd Edition (2020) – https://www.elsevier.com/books/grays-anatomy/standring/978-0-7020-7705-2
2. Takebe K, Vitti M, Basmajian JV. The functions of semispinalis capitis and splenius capitis muscles: an electromyographic study. Anat Rec. 1974 Aug;179(4):477-80. doi: 10.1002/ar.1091790407. PMID: 4842939. Pubmed