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Splenius Capitis & Cervicis Muscles Anatomy

The Splenius Capitis & Cervicis Muscles are located in the posterior cervical region, forming part of the complex muscular network that controls head and neck movements.

Splenius Capitis & Cervicis Muscles Anatomy

The splenius muscles (L. musculi splenii) are thick and flat and lie on the lateral and posterior aspects of the neck, covering the vertical muscles somewhat like a bandage, which explains their name (L. splenion, bandage). The splenius muscles arise from the midline and extend superolaterally to the cervical vertebrae (splenius cervicis) and cranium (splenius capitis).

Origin & Insertion

The splenius capitis, the larger and more superficial of the two, originates from the ligamentum nuchae and spinous processes of C7 through T3-4 vertebrae. It extends superolaterally to insert into the mastoid process of the temporal bone and the lateral third of the superior nuchal line of the occipital bone.

See Also: Splenius Capitis Muscle

The splenius cervicis, positioned deep and lateral to the splenius capitis, shares a similar origin from the spinous processes of T3-6 vertebrae. However, it differs in its insertion points, attaching to the posterior tubercles of the transverse processes of the first two to three cervical vertebrae (C1-C3).

Splenius muscles

Neurovascular Supply

Both splenius muscles receive their primary innervation from the dorsal rami of the middle cervical nerves. The arterial supply primarily comes from branches of the occipital artery and deep cervical artery, ensuring adequate blood flow for these constantly active muscles.

Functional Significance

When acting bilaterally, the splenius muscles function as powerful extensors of the head and neck, working in concert with other posterior cervical muscles to maintain proper head position against gravity. Unilateral contraction produces a complex movement pattern of ipsilateral rotation and lateral flexion of the head and neck, highlighting their role in precise head positioning and movement control.

OriginNuchal ligament and spinous processes of C7-T6 vertebrae
InsertionSplenius capitis: fibers run superolaterally to mastoid process of temporal bone and lateral third of superior nuchal line of occipital bone 
Splenius cervicis: tubercles of transverse processes of C1 -03 or C4 vertebrae
InnervationPosterior rami of spinal nerves
Blood SupplyBranches of the occipital artery and deep cervical artery
ActionActing unilaterally: laterally flex the neck and rotate the head to side of active muscles
Acting bilaterally: extend the head and neck

Clinical Implications

Medical professionals frequently encounter pathologies involving the splenius muscles in clinical practice. Cervicogenic headaches often involve tender points in the splenius capitis, making it a crucial consideration in headache evaluation and treatment. Trauma, particularly whiplash injuries, can affect these muscles, leading to chronic neck pain and restricted range of motion.

In surgical approaches to the posterior cervical spine, careful consideration must be given to the preservation of the splenius muscles. Their integrity is essential for maintaining proper cervical spine function and preventing post-operative complications.

References & More

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