Conus Medullaris Syndrome – Clinical Overview
Conus medullaris syndrome (CMS) is a neurological condition resulting from injury to the terminal portion…
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Anterior Cord Syndrome
Anterior Cord Syndrome (ACS)—also known as Anterior Spinal Artery Syndrome or ventral cord syndrome—is a…
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Platysma Muscle Anatomy
The platysma (G. flat plate) is a broad, thin sheet of muscle in the subcutaneous…
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Duncan Ely Test
Duncan Ely Test or Ely test is used to assess the rectus femoris muscle tightness…
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Central Cord Syndrome (CCS)
Central Cord Syndrome (CCS) is the most common form of incomplete spinal cord injury, characterized…
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Brown-Séquard Syndrome
Brown-Séquard syndrome (BSS) is a rare but classic incomplete spinal cord injury caused by hemisection…
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Neurogenic Shock: Causes, Symptoms & Treatment
Neurogenic shock is a life-threatening type of distributive shock characterized by loss of sympathetic vascular…
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Bulbocavernosus Reflex (BCR): Spinal Cord Assessment
The bulbocavernosus reflex (BCR) is a key neurological reflex used in the assessment of spinal…
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Bier Block Anesthesia (Intravenous Regional Anesthesia – IVRA)
Bier block anesthesia, also known as intravenous regional anesthesia (IVRA), is a simple, reliable, and…
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Gunshot Wounds: Ballistics, Pathophysiology, and Management
Gunshot wounds (GSWs) represent complex traumatic injuries with highly variable clinical presentations. Their severity depends…
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Cervical Spine Range of Motion
Cervical spine range of motion for flexion is 45º-80°, for extension is 50°-70°, for lateral…
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Tscherne Classification of Soft Tissue Injury
The Tscherne classification is a widely used orthopedic system for grading soft tissue injury associated…
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