Hypercalcemia: Causes, Diagnosis & Management
Hypercalcemia for clinicians: clinical features, differential diagnosis, PTH-based work-up, and emergency treatment with fluids, bisphosphonates and denosumab.
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Orthofixar Database
Basic Science
Basic Science in medicine & orthopedic surgery. Basic Science of human body, bones, muscles, ligaments and joints. Biomechanics in orthopedic surgery.
Hypophosphatasia (HPP): Diagnosis, Features and Treatment
Clinician review of hypophosphatasia: ALPL genetics, low ALP, adult stress fractures and pseudofractures, diagnostic criteria, and enzyme replacement…
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Osteomalacia Symptoms, Causes & Vitamin D Treatment | Bone Softening Explained
Learn the symptoms of osteomalacia, how Looser zones show up on X-ray, how vitamin D deficiency is prevented,…
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Hypocalcaemia: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, Treatment & ECG Findings
Hypocalcaemia is defined as a decreased concentration of serum calcium, usually a corrected total serum calcium below 2.1…
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Trendelenburg Position: Uses, Benefits, Indications & Complications
The Trendelenburg position is a patient positioning technique in which the individual lies supine on a tilted table…
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Bone Formation & Development
Bone Formation is a normal process that leads to longitudinal and breadth growing of the bone. It's called…
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Bone Turnover Markers: P1NP and CTX Testing for Osteoporosis
Bone is not a static scaffold. It is continuously broken down and rebuilt throughout life in a process…
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Wolff’s Law: Definition, Principles, Clinical Applications
Wolff’s law is a fundamental orthopedic and physiological principle stating that bone continuously adapts its structure according to…
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Overview of Fibroblast Growth Factor 23 (FGF23)
Fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) is a bone-derived peptide hormone that serves as the principal regulator of phosphate homeostasis…
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Parathyroid Hormone (PTH): Functions, Physiology, Recombinant PTH & Therapy
Parathyroid hormone (PTH) is the principal endocrine regulator of calcium and phosphate metabolism. It plays a critical role…
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Vitamin D: Functions, Metabolism, Deficiency, Diagnosis & Treatment
Vitamin D is a fat-soluble vitamin and prohormone that plays a fundamental role in calcium and phosphate homeostasis,…
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Magnesium in Mineral Homeostasis: Functions, Hypomagnesemia & Clinical Significance
Magnesium is an essential mineral and the second most abundant intracellular cation after potassium. Although often overshadowed by…
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